![]() ![]() However, Indonesian's CPO export competitiveness with the RCA index does not have a significant difference in the Indian and USA markets. ![]() The results of comparing means independent samples t test against trade value and quantity have a significant difference between Indonesia's CPO exports in the Indian market and the USA market. Export competitiveness with the RCA index in the USA market is higher than the Indian market, amounting to 26.50% and 19.24%. Whereas in the USA market it was 8,536,001 thousand USD with an average of USD 388,000,06 thousand. The description of export performance measured by trade flow (value and quantity) shows the trade value of Indonesia's CPO trade in the Indian market of USD 70,885.52 thousand with an average of USD 388,000.06 thousand in the 1996-2017 period. Comparison is done descriptively and the analysis of compare means means independent samples t test and paired samples test. This study aims to describe and compare the export performance and export competitiveness of Indonesia's CPO (crude palm oil) trade in both markets. The implementation of the RSPO (roundtable on sustainable palm oil) has been implemented since 2012 in the United States market, but the Indian market has not. Such situation may affect the Pekan District as a major rice producer in Pahang in future due to the unsustain smallholder economy activities. ![]() Thus, this review will notify state governments, related agencies and the private sector to draw attention to this neglected and vulnerable rural smallholder activities. Based on in-depth interview with local smallholder farmers and series site visit for field observation, there are at least three challenges has been highlighted occurred in study area included (1) labor shortages due to outmigration, (2) lack of skills, professional advice, training and finance and (3) the low quality of soil and agricultural land. The article focuses on an adaptation of smallholder in the rural area towards current challenges of practising it locally, with particular reference to Kampung Merchong that located in Pekan District, Pahang State, Malaysia. In rural areas of Malaysia, there are several challenges has been identified by applying smallholder activities. ![]() The agriculture sector is a source of livelihood worldwide. Smallholders become increasingly significant for global agricultural value chains. ![]()
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